Unit+I+Work

Ancient Civilization Sprite

Vocabulary **Olmec Calendar-** The calendar developed by the Olmec society, which would be reproduced and used by later Mesoamerican societies. **Vigesimal-** The math system which the Mayan's created. This system is based on the number twenty (Just as decimals are based on the number ten). ** Mayan Calendar- ** Their calendar was the most precise in the Americas and was one of the most accurate and complex in the world. **Cha_in cult-** A very popular religion which puts emphasis on maize and fertility. This religion shows the importance of agriculture in the Mesoamerican society. **Lapita-** The earliest Austronesian migrants to settle into the Pacific islands. They possesed remarkable archaelogical skills, and maintained a well integrated society. They maintained extensive networks of trade and commerce. **Austronesian-** Mesoamerican society with remarkable seafaring skills.
 * Mesoamerican Terms and Concepts (Chapter 6) **
 * Mayan Math- ** Math system devised by the Mayan society, in which only three symbols, a dot, a bar, and a symbol for zero, or completion, usually a shell was used.
 * Aboringinal** **Pyramid of the Sun-** One of the largest archaeological foundations in Mesoamerica. The Pyrmaid is part of a large complex located in a city.
 * Temple of the Giant Jaguar-** A temple also known as the Tikal Temple, built by the Mayan society. It is one of the major archaelogoical sites of the Pre Columbian Mayan society.
 * Mesoamerican People **
 * Olmecs-** The first recognized Mesoamerican society. Their society featured important political and religious centers. Their society invented the calendar. It is uncertain what exactly happened to the Olmecs but scholars beleive they destroyed their own centers, and by 400 BC were clearly in a state of decline.
 * Maya-** A very successful Mesoamerican society. The Maya had a population of around 40,000 people, and made important contributions in astronomy. They developed the most precise calendar and a complex math system. The collapse of the Maya civilization after 900 C.E. still remains in many ways a mystery.
 * Mochika-** The earliest South American state. This Mesoamerican society had no form of writing, but had a brilliant form of artwork (with a great emphasis on pottery). The artwork of this society is evidence that the Mochika society was very complex and sophisticated.

Terms And Concepts Mummification **- embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy Menes **- King of Egypt who united Upper and Lower Egypt, thus founding Egypt's first dynasty.
 * CHAPTER 3
 * Pyramid **- a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex
 * Hieroglyphics **- written in or belonging to a writing system using pictorial symbol
 * Archaic Period **- earliest periods of a culture
 * Old ** **Kingdom**- name given to period in the 3rd millennium BCE when Egypt attained its first continuous peak in civilization in complexity and achievements
 * Middle Kingdom **- 2050bce- 1652bce. Ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of 11th dynasty to the end of the fourteenth dynasty
 * New Kingdom **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- the period in the history of ancient Egypt, 1580–1085 b.c., comprising the 18th to 20th dynasties, characterized by the predominance of Thebes.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Horus **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The ancient Egyptian god of the sun, son of (or brother of) Osiris and Isis, represented as having the head of a hawk.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Amon-Re **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- Egyptian god (Amon) who was considered to be the patron saint of the city of Thebes and was joined with the sun god Re and the two were then known as Amon-Re
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Osiris **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- the king and judge of the dead, the husband and brother of Isis, and father (or brother) of Horus, killed by Set but later resurrected (after Horus killed Set): usually depicted as a man, partly wrapped as a mummy, having a beard and wearing the atef-crown.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pyramid of Khufu **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now Cairo, Egypt, and is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that survives substantially intact.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hykso **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- a nomadic people who conquered and ruled ancient Egypt between the 13th and 18th dynasties, believed to have been a Semitic people that originally migrated into Egypt from Asia
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt;">People <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ahmosis **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- Egyptian pharaoh (c. 1500 B.C.E), founder of the New Kingdom
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tuthmosis III **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- was the sixth <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt;">[|Pharaoh] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> of the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt;">[|Eighteenth Dynasty] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> and ruled for around 54 years and created a great empire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hatshepsut **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-Queen of Egypt (1503-1482) who on the death of her husband, Thutmose II (c. 1504), became regent for her son Thutmose III. She bestowed the title of pharaoh on herself and adopted all the pharaonic customs, including the wearing of a false beard.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Harkhuf **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- governor of upper Egypt in the 23rd century B.C.E.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Akhenaton **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-King of Egypt (1375?-1358?) who rejected the old gods and initiated a monotheistic worship of the sun-god Aton.

<span style="color: #0034ff; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt;">**Chapter 4** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Samsara- the endless cycle of suffering caused by birth, death, and rebirth (otherwise known as reincarnation.) Karma- the concept of “action” or “deed” in Indian religions understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effect. Moksha- the liberation from samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth or reincarnation and all of the suffering and limitation of worldly existence. Sati- a funeral practice among some Hindu communities in which a recently widowed woman would either voluntarily or by use of force and coercion immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. Lawbook of Manu- one of the standard books in the Hindu canon, based text for all gurus to base their teachings on. Rig Veda- an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrite hymns. It is counted among the four canonical sacred texts. Upanishads- Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings of Vedanta.
 * //Dravidian//**- a person who produced the brilliant Harappan society in India, 3000-1500 B.C.E.
 * //Indo-European//**- series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia.
 * //Aryans//**- Indo-European tribes who settles in India after 1500 B.C.E.; their union with indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism
 * //Caste//**- a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank, profession or wealth
 * //Varna//**- Hindu word for caste
 * //Jati//**- Indian word for a Hindu subcaste

**Brahmins**- First c lass in Hindu caste system, made of educators, priests, and scholars.
 * People **
 * Kshatriyas**- Second class in Hindu caste system, made of rulers and warriors
 * Vaishyas**- Third class in Hindu Caste system made of common people (merchants, farmers, etc.)
 * Shurdras**- Fourth and last class in Hindu caste system made of servants and poor, low status workers
 * Indra**- The Hindu god of war, also god of rain and thunder
 * Varuna**- The Hindu god of water, particularly oceans
 * Brahman**- the absolute god of Hindus

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt;">Ancient China <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 1. __Mandate of Heaven__- an ancient Chinese political theory in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 2. __Tian-__ one of the oldest Chinese terms for the cosmos and a key concept in Chinese mythology, philosophy, and religion. //<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 3. // //__Book of Songs__//- the earliest collection of Chinese poems including 305 poems of the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 B.C.). //<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 4. // //__Book of History-__// a compilation of documentary records related to events in ancient history of China. //<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 5. // //__ Book of Changes__//- a book containing a divination system much like Western geomancy or the West African Ifa system. In Western cultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose. Famous for being used in the ancient China. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 6. //__Book of Rites-__//  one of four extant collections of ritual matters of ancient Chinese civilizations. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">8. __Xia dynasty__- the first prehistoric country in China’s history. It ruled from 2070 B.C to 1600 B.C. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">9. __Shang dynasty__- was built by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler. It ran from 1700 B.C. to 1027 B.C.
 * <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 7.  ** __Yangshao society-__an ancient Chinese society that ruled **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">from 1.7 million years - the 21st century BC. **
 * King Yu** is most remembered for teaching people flood control practices to keep control of China’s rivers and lakes. He was also one of the Sovereigns and Five Emperors.
 * King Yao** was a legendary Chinese ruler that was seen as having very good morals. He was one of the Three Sovereigns and the Five Emperors.
 * King Shun** replaced King Yao when King Yao realized that none of his sons were fit to be king. He achieved many great things and had many tales. He was one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Known for his modesty and filial piety.
 * Fu Hao** was one of King Wu Ding’s wives. She served as a military general and high priestess.