Group+4

Group 4 Colonial Portfolio

Change/Progress (economic, social, political)


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Transportation- ====Colonial people didn't have cars. They rode in horse and buggies. Their roads were dirt and very bumpy. Nothing like we have today with paved roads. When it rained it obvioulsy became very muddy and sticky; hard for horses and carriages to go through. When it was dry, it was dusty. Some of the roads were not well enough or big enough for people to ride their horses or mules. Therefore, people would carry their stuff and carefully pul their animals behind them. The first roads were called mast roads. They were good roads but most of them went were the people didnt want them to go, like heading into forrests or onto Indian trails.==== [] [] []

Food- ====Food in the colonial times was a lot different than it is now. Instead of calling their three meals breakfast, lunch, and dinner, their meals were breakfast, dinner, and supper. For breakfast, they normally ate bread and drank milk. Dinner was usually the biggest meal of the day. They ate break, pudding, meat, cheese, and a few other smaller things for dinner. Supper was similar to breakfast for them; they would eat bread, drink milk, and sometimes some pudding if there was some left. The first American cookbook was “American Cookery” written by Amelia Simmons in 1796. The first printed cookbook was “The Compleat Housewife” by E. Smith. There were also some candies such as luiqorice, marshmellows, and sugar plums.==== [|http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcandy.html#earlyamericancandy]

Agricultural-
====Colonial farmers had a rough time growing/harvesting any crops. The soil was dry, and deprived water.The long lasting winters immediately destroyed their hopes for food.All crops were seeded by hand; lack of slaves made food harder to find. Colonial farmers did not have large machinary, so they had to rely on slave and animal power. They used horses and cattle for for horse- drawn plowers they had to rely on. Everyone had to work in order to get the job done including childrern and women. Most of the colonists were farmers, or at least had a family garden.Which grew squash, apples, and beans.They lived in one room farm houses, heated with stoves and almost no furniture. Getting sick was very serious to them, it led to suffering and even death. Doctors were not common; so they based their made medicine fromm common house herbs. Poor women were in charge of being the docter as well as keeping after everyone in the house.Trends and social statuses were deveolped; one gained more status by owning more land.====

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Women- ====During the 18th century the women's role and work was extremely difficult and the society was careless. For the poor families living in the colonial time, it was the women's full time job for taking care of the house as well as everyone else who lives in it. Middle class to high class women also had some chores although they were very basic. Like making beds, as well as cleaning up kitchen, the richer wives used their servents for the other work.White northern women in colonial times were known as the weaker sex. They were used for hard working around the house. This included sewing, knitting, and harvesting crops from the garden for dinner. The men would bring home raw meet and they would have the squash, corn, rice and other odds and ends on the table. Having a lot of kids was a common thing back then, and obvioulsy they are the ones who had to do that. Oftenly enough, even if the kid wasn't yours, you would have to help bring it up. Right after birth you would help raise the kid for the mother and then be a mid wife to help out.Though not a lot of women were single, single women were better off. They had more freedoms, like having a wide range of occupations to choose from, they could own land, make their own business, and hold a case in court.==== []

Rights/Freedoms
African Women- ====Women have had a huge impact on how any community is how they are today. African women who were not working on the and were seated with the white women while the black males were sent to work.The africa women cared for the household, the children, and they cleaned everything. For them working indoors was not necessarily better than working outside.Outside, there are groups working together out of the watchful eye of their master, working inside ment that there was constant supervision, and one mistake increased the risk of sexual exploitation.Hard physical labor such as doing the laundry,carrying water and routine chores such as emptying chamber pots and making beds was expected everyday. They were always prepared for the call of their masters and masters wives 24/7.==== [] [] Slaves- Slaves had to work all day, almost every day a week. They were treated very cruelly. If a slave’s farm was not doing very well, the slave would sometimes not be fed. Male slaves worked outside on the plantations, while women worked inside in the house. Slaves had very little rights when they were not working. Even when they were done working, they had to do everything that their slave owner told them to do. They also had to be ready to work all of the time. []

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Salem Witch Trials-
====The Salem Witch Trials were in Massachustts and lasted from 1692 to 1693. These people believed in witch craft, and their punishment for this was to be arrested and imprissioned. The Rev. Samual Parris returned back to Massachusetts with 2 slaves. One of their names was Tituba. Her job was to watch over the Rev's children. She told them stories and taught them games of voodoo, The Rev then had a doctor brought in to see what was wrong with his children's behavior. The only conclusion he came up with was the girls were bewitched. The Puritans believed that witch craft caused sickness and death. They also thought that these people got their power from the devil. His children were asked multiple times who taught them this and they have to give names. They gave three girls names, one was Tituba.They were tried, and all pleaded innocent. Tituba later then confessed that she was the one who taught them, after she was beaten and threatened.She also said about her other witchcraft "friends" and told people about them. 150 people were tried and 19 total were hung.==== []

King Philip's War- ==== The King Philip's War was sometimes called the Metacom's War, or the First Indian War. It was a war of Native American's against English Colonist's. The War was named after the Native American's leader, King Philip. The war lasted from 1675-1678. King Philip was killed on August 12th, 1676. A treaty was signed in April 1678. 12 towns were destroyed in the battle, and many more towns were damaged. There economy was nearly destroyed, and about one-tenth of there military was killed. ==== []

Puritan Movement
 * Government/Politics **

====The Puritan movement was in England. It lasted over decades because of imigration and inconsistent interpretations of Scripture, and some political differences that then became about. The Westminster Assembly (an assembly of clergy of the Church of England) was called in 1643. The people were able to agree to the Westminster Confession of Faith, a consistent Reformed theological position. Most of it was orthodox so many Puritans would have rejected some of it. The Directory of Public Worship was made official in 1645.The larger framework that is now called the Westminster Standards was adopted for the Church of England. The Westminster Divines were divided over questions of church polity and split into factions supporting a reformed Episcopacy, Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, and Erastianism. Even though most of the people were more towards the Presbyterians, Oliver Cromwell was a Congregationalist separatist who put out his views for people to know how he felt. The Church of England of the Interregnum was run on Presbyterian lines, but never became a national Presbyterian church. The Puritans didn't like the reformation and some of them left. They were known as the "dissenters" or the "seperating puritans."==== []

Legislature- Government in the 13 colonies represented the English Government.The courts enforced the common law of England. The General Assembly was elected by the enfranchised voters; by 1750, most free men could vote. In England they had town meetings and all free men had a voice and had the choice of what they wanted to say. London handeled the Diplomatic affairs and trading policies. Yet, the colonies handled their own affairs and wars with the Native Americans, but Britain handled the foreign wars with France and Spain.